For decades, Business Property Relief gave UK entrepreneurs a clear succession path. Build a qualifying business, hold it for two years, and pass it on to the next generation free of inheritance tax. Succession planning, at least in this respect, was relatively straightforward. Inheritance Tax and UK Business Owners need to know what the new rules mean.  That certainty no longer exists. From 6 April 2026, the full BPR exemption has been replaced by a capped relief of £2.5mn per person – with a 50 per cent relief applying above that threshold, producing an effective inheritance tax rate of 20 per cent on the excess. For business owners with estates above this level – including those living abroad who retain ownership of UK-based companies – the implications are material. What Has Changed Prior to April 2026, qualifying businesses and farms could be passed to heirs with 100 per cent inheritance tax relief – meaning zero IHT on the transfer, regardless of value. Chancellor Rachel Reeves first proposed capping this at £1mn per person in the 2024 Budget. Following significant pushback, including protests from farming communities and business groups, the cap was raised to £2.5mn and made transferable between married couples and civil partners. That means a married couple can now shelter up to £5mn of business assets from IHT. Above that combined threshold, a 50 per cent relief applies – resulting in an effective rate of 20 per cent, rather than the standard 40 per cent charged on other assets. The Treasury estimates the changes will generate roughly £300mn in additional tax revenue by 2030-31. The Office for Budget Responsibility has noted, however, that the revenue yield is “highly uncertain” and unlikely to reach a steady state for at least 20 years. The Liquidity Problem The practical challenge for many business owners is not the tax rate itself – it is finding the cash to pay it. Family businesses are typically asset-rich and cash-poor. The business may be worth several million pounds, but that value is locked inside a legal entity. Raising cash to meet an IHT bill on death requires either selling shares, borrowing against the business, or liquidating other assets. “Many family businesses that previously assumed they could pass on the company intact may now face substantial tax liabilities – often without sufficient cash outside the business to pay them.” – Jacob Robinson, Taylor Rose Where one spouse owns the majority of the business, or where the combined estate value exceeds the £5mn couple’s threshold, the problem intensifies. Lord Leigh of Hurley, senior partner at Cavendish and a contributor to a recent House of Lords report on IHT, has raised particular concern about minority shareholding situations – where executors may be unable to transfer shares to family members until the IHT bill is paid, but where no obvious buyer exists for those shares. If other family members lack the cash to fund the tax liability, the result may be a forced sale – potentially to a listed company or international buyer who recognises the distressed position. Restructuring Risk: The Multiple Shareholding Strategy Some business owners are exploring a strategy of dividing shareholdings across multiple owners – including family members and trustees – to allow each individual to use their own £2.5mn BPR allowance. In theory, this can reduce total IHT exposure. In practice, it carries significant legal risk. Minority Shareholder Claims Under section 994 of the Companies Act 2006, a minority shareholder who believes they have been treated unfairly can bring a claim before the English courts. If the court agrees, it may order a buyout of the minority stake at fair value – an outcome that can trigger an unplanned liquidity event at the worst possible time. These claims tend to surface the most sensitive commercial questions: whether the founder’s salary is in line with the open market, how dividends are being declared, and whether shareholders are receiving adequate information. The process is commercially disruptive and carries reputational risk through disclosure of private company affairs in court proceedings. Courts also have wide discretion in pricing a buyout, including awarding compensation for value extracted from the business historically. That price may bear no relation to what the business can actually afford to pay. Corporate Governance Before Restructuring The advice from practitioners is to review governance structures carefully before introducing new shareholders. Shareholders’ agreements should be re-examined and updated. Constitutional documents should address decision-making processes clearly. Directors’ and officers’ insurance policies should be checked for coverage of minority shareholder claims. The interposition of trustees to hold minority stakes can provide a counterbalance against inexperienced beneficial owners – though this introduces its own risks if relationships between beneficiaries and trustees deteriorate. Options for Managing the Exposure Advisers are broadly divided between short-term and long-term planning approaches, depending on the owner’s intentions for the business. If You Plan to Sell Business owners intending to sell within the short to medium term are typically less focused on navigating BPR reliefs and more interested in bridging the risk of an unexpected death before a transaction completes. Term life insurance policies held in trust are a popular solution here – covering the potential IHT liability until the sale proceeds are available and the estate can be restructured. If You Plan to Pass the Business On For those who want the business to remain in the family across generations, the planning is more involved. This typically means revisiting ownership structures, reviewing wills and trusts, considering accelerated gifting under the seven-year rule, and building liquidity outside the business over time. Whole-of-life policies held in trust have become the most widely used instrument for those with illiquid business assets. These policies pay out a guaranteed sum on death, sit outside the taxable estate when held in trust, and can be used to fund an IHT bill without forcing a sale. The average policy value rose by nearly 52 per cent in 2025, reflecting the scale of demand following the BPR changes. The Expat Dimension UK domicile,

For years, UK pension pots sat outside the inheritance tax net. Many higher-net-worth savers quietly treated their pension as a tax-efficient vehicle for passing wealth to the next generation – contributing beyond their own retirement needs and leaving the surplus to grow, untouched. That strategy is about to close. From April 2027, unused UK pension funds will fall within the scope of inheritance tax at 40 per cent – a change announced in the November 2024 Budget that is already reshaping how advisers think about retirement and estate planning simultaneously. For UK expats in Hong Kong, Singapore, the UAE and beyond, the implications are considerable. The rule change does not only affect UK residents. It also captures those who have been non-UK tax resident for years but still hold UK pension assets. What Is Changing and When Until recently, UK pension funds benefited from a near-total exemption from inheritance tax. The exemption was introduced by former chancellor George Osborne in 2015, allowing pension holders to pass on unused retirement savings free of IHT – a loophole that those with means used extensively. That exemption is being removed. From April 2027, pension funds will be treated as part of the estate for IHT purposes, exposing them to the standard 40 per cent charge on assets above the nil-rate band of £325,000. The compounding effect is significant. Where a pension beneficiary is also subject to income tax on withdrawals, analysis by Rachel Vahey at AJ Bell suggests that for every £100 held in pension on death, IHT can reduce the pot by £40 – and income tax on what remains could absorb a further £67 in certain circumstances. The 50 Per Cent Withholding Rule In May 2026, HMRC confirmed a further administrative measure: pension schemes will be permitted to withhold up to 50 per cent of a pension pot for up to 15 months in cases where the estate executor believes an IHT liability may arise. Interest begins accruing to HMRC at the six-month point. Experts have warned this mechanism will increase complexity and risk creating family tensions, particularly where estate executors are themselves family members and must hold back funds intended for other beneficiaries. “Estate disputes already cause family friction, and this will only exacerbate matters. People rightly worry that their financial legacy can cause family rifts.” – Rachel Vahey, AJ Bell Government projections suggest the pension IHT changes will pull an additional 10,500 estates into the IHT net by 2027-28, while a further 38,500 will face higher tax bills – at an average additional cost of £34,000. What This Means for Expat Investors The reach of these changes extends well beyond UK residents. Tim Smith, legal director at Eversheds Sutherland, has noted that the pension IHT change will capture those not tax resident in the UK but who hold UK-based pensions – a category that includes a significant number of British expats working across Asia and the Middle East. Rethinking the Pension as a Legacy Tool The fundamental shift is that saving into a UK pension beyond your own retirement needs now carries a tax cost. Estate planners have begun categorising surplus capital as what they call “red money” – funds that would pass to descendants – and the pension is no longer an efficient home for it. “Saving beyond what you need is falling out of favour for IHT reasons, and any surplus needs a plan,” says Les Cameron, retirement savings and tax expert at M&G. Acting Before the Deadline The consensus among advisers is clear: waiting is the most expensive option. Claire Trott, head of advice at St James’s Place, advises clients to map what capital they hold and what they need for end-of-life costs – and to plan the remainder explicitly. Options include spending down pension assets earlier in retirement, gifting from surplus income under the regular gifts exemption, placing assets into trust structures, or taking tax-free cash from UK pensions before relocating abroad. For expats considering a permanent return to the UK, the Foreign Income and Gains regime – introduced in April 2025 – allows overseas capital gains and income to be realised tax-free within the UK for up to four years after returning. There is also a pension carry-forward mechanism allowing returning expats to mop up three prior years of unused pension allowances, worth up to £180,000 gross. For those planning to retire abroad, Kevin O’Shea at RBC Wealth Management advises taking the tax-free cash portion of a pension before relocating, as pension withdrawals may be taxed in the new country of residence. There is also growing interest in transferring to a Qualifying Recognised Overseas Pension Scheme (QROPS), which can help pensions escape UK IHT once an individual has been non-UK tax resident for at least 10 years. The Life Insurance Response Demand for whole-of-life insurance policies – which pay a guaranteed sum to beneficiaries on death and, when held in trust, sit outside the taxable estate – has surged. Evelyn Partners reported a 66 per cent increase in cases processed in 2025, while Royal London’s insurance arm sold 50 per cent more whole-of-life policies over the same period. Legal & General reported a 500 per cent increase in the value of whole-of-life sales between Q1 2024 and Q4 2025, with much of that growth attributed directly to rising demand for policies that cover IHT costs on pensions following the Budget announcement. These policies are particularly relevant for expats who want to keep UK assets intact – including property or business interests – while ensuring the IHT bill does not force a sale or create a funding crisis for executors. The Wider Planning Question The pension changes do not sit in isolation. They are part of a broader tightening of the UK’s inheritance tax framework that includes changes to agricultural and business property relief, the removal of non-dom protections, and the extension of IHT to certain worldwide trust assets. For UK expats with ties to the UK – whether through property, pensions, business ownership

“Capital preservation is an active discipline, not a passive default.”◆ “The structure around your wealth matters more than the returns inside it.”◆ “The investor who was well-structured five years ago may find their arrangements are no longer fit for purpose today.”◆ “A favourable tax environment is not a strategy. It is a starting point.”◆ “Capital preservation is an active discipline, not a passive default.”◆ “The structure around your wealth matters more than the returns inside it.”◆ “The investor who was well-structured five years ago may find their arrangements are no longer fit for purpose today.”◆ “A favourable tax environment is not a strategy. It is a starting point.”◆ Overview The Challenge Four Pillars United Kingdom Middle East Hong Kong Singapore In Practice Your Adviser Speak With Us For investors based in the UK, Middle East, Hong Kong or Singapore, the answer to that question looks different in each location. The tax environment is different. The legal infrastructure is different. The risks are different. What does not change is the core principle: capital preservation is an active discipline, not a passive default. This article sets out the primary strategies that internationally mobile, high-net-worth investors use to protect wealth across borders and over time, with specific reference to the environments in which many of our clients operate. $13TPrivate markets AUM globally 40%UK IHT rate on worldwide estate 3,384Single family offices in HK (2025) 10yrUK residency threshold for global IHT The Challenge Why Expat Investors Face a Distinct Set of Wealth Preservation Challenges Domestic investors deal with a single regulatory environment, a single currency, and a single inheritance framework. Expats deal with all of these simultaneously, often across several jurisdictions at once. That complexity is not merely administrative; it translates directly into financial risk if left unmanaged. The pitfalls are numerous: pension assets left in a home jurisdiction that grows increasingly hostile to offshore wealth, insurance and investment structures that are inefficient from a cross-border tax perspective, real estate held in personal names that creates unnecessary inheritance tax exposure, and liquid assets sitting in accounts that generate no meaningful return while losing ground to inflation. Add to this the ongoing tax reform programmes being introduced by Western governments, and the challenge intensifies. The investor who was financially well-structured five years ago may find that their arrangements are no longer fit for purpose today. Framework The Four Pillars of Capital Preservation for HNW Expats Effective wealth preservation rests on four interconnected foundations: structure, diversification, efficiency, and planning. These are not sequential steps but parallel disciplines that require regular review as circumstances change. 1. Structural Protection One of the most consistently underused tools among privately wealthy individuals is the separation of personal ownership from legal ownership through appropriate structures. Trusts, foundations, special purpose vehicles and holding companies are legitimate and widely used instruments for protecting wealth from personal liability, simplifying succession, and creating clarity of ownership across borders. 2. Currency and Geographic Diversification Concentration risk in a single currency or single market is one of the more common and more damaging exposures for expat investors. For HNW clients operating across the Gulf, Hong Kong and Singapore, holding assets across multiple currency bases — including USD, SGD, HKD and CHF — provides a degree of insulation from any single currency deterioration. 3. Tax Efficiency Across Jurisdictions Tax efficiency is not avoidance. It is the straightforward objective of ensuring that an investor’s financial structures are correctly aligned with their residency status, domicile, and the tax treaty framework of the jurisdictions in which they operate. Poorly structured arrangements can result in double taxation, unexpected inheritance tax liability, or income that falls into the wrong tax net entirely. 4. Succession and Estate Planning Generational wealth transfer is where the gap between intention and outcome is widest. Assets that have been carefully built over a working lifetime can be materially depleted at the point of transfer if the legal and tax framework has not been addressed in advance. The investors who preserve wealth most effectively over the long term are not those who make the highest-returning calls. They are those who have done the structural work. Ready to review your current arrangements? Our estate planning consultation covers structure, succession, and cross-border tax efficiency. Book a Consultation About Carey Suen Market Focus The United Kingdom: A Fundamentally Changed Tax Landscape United Kingdom Key Shift: April 2025 The End of the Non-Dom Regime The remittance basis is gone. In its place: the Foreign Income and Gains (FIG) regime, a four-year exemption for those returning after ten or more years of non-residence. Worldwide income taxed on an arising basis 40% IHT on global estate after 10 years UK residency Exposure tail: 3–10 years post-departure Urgent review required for all British expats The New Inheritance Tax Exposure Any individual who has been a UK tax resident for ten out of the previous twenty tax years becomes subject to UK IHT on their worldwide estate at forty per cent. For those with twenty or more years of UK residency, the exposure tail extends to ten years post-departure. For British expats with substantial assets held offshore, this is a material and urgent planning consideration. Assets that were previously outside the IHT perimeter may now fall squarely within it, depending on the individual’s residency history. Market Focus The Middle East: Structural Advantages That Require Active Management UAE / Middle East Key Advantage Zero Income Tax Environment No personal income tax, a USD-pegged currency stable since 1997, and removal from both the FATF grey list and the EU high-risk list. No personal income tax on earnings AED-USD peg since 1997 DIFC Foundations and ADGM SPVs available Removed from FATF grey list (2024) What Gulf-Based Expats Need to Manage The absence of a state-sponsored pension scheme for expatriates means that wealth accumulation for retirement is entirely a personal responsibility. Expats who have moved through multiple jurisdictions frequently arrive in the Gulf with fragmented pension arrangements that have never been consolidated or reviewed for their current position. There is

PRIVATE CREDIT  |  EXPAT INVESTORS  |  STRUCTURED INCOME Private credit is no longer an institutional preserve. For high-net-worth investors living outside their country of origin, it is quietly becoming the most compelling structural income opportunity of the decade – if you know how to access it. Where Growth Happens Now Something fundamental has changed in how companies grow – and how sophisticated investors generate returns. Where growth once happened after a company’s initial public offering, it now happens beforehand. Private markets assets under management have grown five-fold since 2010, reaching over $13 trillion globally. In the late 1990s, the median age of a US company at IPO was around five and a half years. By 2024, that had risen to 14 years. The number of publicly listed companies in the US has fallen from over 8,000 in 1996 to fewer than 6,000 today. The value creation that once belonged to public market investors has migrated – quietly, structurally – to private capital. For HNW expat investors managing wealth across borders, this migration carries a direct implication: portfolios anchored entirely in public markets are now accessing a smaller portion of the opportunity set than they were a generation ago. The value creation that once belonged to public market investors has migrated, quietly and structurally, to private capital. Private Credit: The Income Layer Institutional Investors Understood First Private credit – direct lending to companies outside the traditional banking system – has grown alongside private equity for the same structural reasons. In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, tightening regulation led banks to withdraw from segments of the lending market, particularly mid-market corporate lending. Non-bank lenders stepped in. And they have not stepped back. Today, approximately 90% of US mid-market buyouts are financed by private credit, up from around 50% in 2017. Private credit now sits at the intersection of two long-term trends: the disintermediation of traditional banking and the increasing appetite of sophisticated investors for yield that public bond markets can no longer reliably provide. For investors, the appeal is structural. Private credit offers a meaningful yield premium over public credit – often in the low double digits for senior direct lending – in exchange for patient, longer-term capital. Loans are typically secured against a company’s cash flows or assets. Interest payments are contractual. The income profile is consistent and largely uncorrelated with equity market volatility. When public markets experienced elevated volatility in 2025, driven largely by policy uncertainty and tariff shocks, broadly syndicated loan issuance in April fell to its lowest point since August 2024. Private credit issuance, by contrast, remained stable. The structural dynamic is well-established: periods of public market disruption historically lead to private credit capturing a larger share of overall lending activity. Private credit is not a satellite allocation. It is the mechanism through which structured income has been rebuilt for a new era of investing. The Expat Investor’s Specific Challenge High-net-worth investors living and working outside their home countries face a set of challenges that are structurally different from those of domestically-based investors. Traditional advisory relationships are often geographically anchored. Wealth management platforms available in Singapore, Hong Kong or the UAE frequently offer the same suite of public market products, with private market access reserved for institutional clients or those with existing relationships at large private banks. The result is a structural access gap. The very asset class that major pension funds, endowments and sovereign wealth funds have been increasing allocations to for over a decade – private credit, private equity and private infrastructure – remains out of reach for many of the most financially sophisticated individuals in Asia and the Gulf. This gap has narrowed considerably. The emergence of evergreen fund structures – open-ended vehicles that allow for regular subscription and periodic redemption – has lowered the effective minimum investment threshold and removed the capital call complexity of traditional drawdown funds. Whereas a traditional limited partnership typically requires commitments of $250,000 or above from qualified purchasers, interval and tender offer fund structures are accessible from as little as $25,000 to accredited investors. More than 700 such vehicles now exist globally, with total net asset value exceeding $400 billion for the first time. The infrastructure for broader access to private markets is now in place. What has historically been a question of access is increasingly a question of who has the relationships to provide it. Understanding the Risk Profile A considered approach to private credit begins with a clear-eyed view of risk. Private credit is not without it. Valuations in private equity – the asset class most closely tied to private credit through buyout financing – remain elevated relative to historical averages. The growing interconnectedness of private equity and private credit means that stress in one part of the market can transmit to the other. Liquidity terms, while improving with newer fund structures, remain more restricted than public bonds or equities. None of this is reason for avoidance. It is reason for precision. Diversification across managers, loan vintages and credit strategies – direct lending, asset-based finance, infrastructure debt – materially reduces concentration risk. The income buffer in private credit is substantial: even a moderate rise in default rates would need to be sustained and severe to erode the yield advantage that private credit carries over comparably rated public instruments. Asset-based finance, in particular, presents a compelling opportunity heading into the second half of 2026. This strategy – lending against tangible assets including real estate, equipment, intellectual property and infrastructure – is estimated to represent a total market of around $26 trillion, yet private financing remains a small fraction of that. The durable, contractual cash flows generated by physical assets provide two levels of credit underwriting: the creditworthiness of the borrower and the inherent value of the underlying asset. For investors who understand this structure and have access to quality managers, asset-based finance can offer attractive risk-adjusted returns with lower correlation to broader corporate credit markets. Precision, not avoidance, is the right response to the risks

Carey Suen | Private Markets Wealth Advisory In 2022, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates eleven times. By mid-2023, the federal funds rate sat above 5 per cent for the first time in sixteen years. For most retail investors, that looked like good news – savings accounts were finally paying something. For the HNW investors paying close attention, it was a signal to restructure. The question was not whether rates would stay elevated forever. It was what the rate cycle had exposed about the portfolios built in the decade before it. What a decade of low rates actually did Between 2009 and 2021, the standard income-generation playbook – government bonds, dividend equities, buy-to-let property – delivered returns that looked reasonable on paper but concealed a structural problem. Investors were being compensated for duration risk and liquidity risk in ways that were not always obvious. When rates moved, those positions repriced sharply. Long-duration bond portfolios fell. Highly leveraged property positions tightened. Income streams that had felt reliable turned out to be more correlated to the broader market than their holders had assumed. The investors who came through that period best were not necessarily the most aggressive. They were the ones whose income was not contingent on what central banks decided to do next. The private markets allocation that institutions made years ago Pension funds and sovereign wealth vehicles have been deploying capital into structured private market income for decades. The mechanics are not complicated: capital is placed into asset-backed positions – property receivables, infrastructure lending, senior-secured private credit – with defined distribution schedules and contractual return profiles. The income does not depend on equity market performance. It does not reprice with interest rate sentiment. It arrives on schedule because the underlying agreement says it will. What has shifted over the past several years is accessibility. Regulatory developments across Singapore, the UAE, and the broader Gulf have steadily lowered the entry threshold for qualified individual investors. Structures that once required institutional minimums – and institutional relationships to access them – are increasingly within reach of HNW individuals who know where to look. For expat investors across Asia and the Middle East, the logic compounds. Without domestic pension floors or home-market property income to anchor a portfolio, building reliable income from invested capital is not a secondary consideration. For many, it is the primary one. What distinguishes a credible structure from noise The proliferation of “passive income” content online has made the term almost meaningless. It is worth being precise about what a structured private market income strategy actually requires – not as a checklist, but as a framework for evaluation. The income must be contractual. Not projected, not modelled, not dependent on a fund manager’s quarterly decisions. The distribution schedule is agreed in advance and documented accordingly. The capital must be backed by a tangible asset. Property, infrastructure, a senior-secured lending position – something with recoverable value if conditions deteriorate. An income strategy with no underlying asset is not an investment. It is a liability dressed as one. The documentation must be transparent and legally enforceable. Sophisticated investors read agreements before they sign them. They understand the recourse provisions. They know exactly what happens if the counterparty fails to perform. None of this is a high bar. It is simply the minimum standard that the institutional market has applied for years – and that individual investors are now, rightly, beginning to demand for themselves. Predictability is not conservatism There is a persistent assumption in retail investing that predictability and returns exist in inverse proportion – that accepting reliable income means accepting diminished upside. The institutional record does not support this. Marc Rubinstein, writing in the Financial Times on the evolution of capital markets businesses, noted that the variation of quarterly trading revenues at JPMorgan had fallen by a third over five years – even as the revenue base grew. Markets businesses, historically avoided for their unpredictability, had become structurally more stable. The implication for income investors is the same: the binary between volatility and return is less fixed than it once appeared. A structured income position that returns a defined yield on a defined schedule, compounded consistently over a ten-year horizon, will outperform a volatile high-upside position across most realistic scenarios. The mathematics are not controversial. The discipline required to act on them – to resist the next speculative cycle, the next projected return that sounds compelling – is where most investors come unstuck. The shift is already underway Global allocations to private market assets crossed $13 trillion in 2023, according to McKinsey. The growth has not come from retail speculation. It has come from institutional capital – pension funds, endowments, family offices – steadily increasing their exposure to asset classes that deliver income independently of what public markets do. The individual investor who accesses this space now – with the right structure, the right documentation, and the right advisory relationship – is doing something that was functionally unavailable to them a decade ago. That is not a marketing claim. It is a structural change in how private capital markets operate. The question is not whether structured private market income belongs in a HNW portfolio. The question is whether the investor asking it is prepared to engage with it on its own terms – with the rigour it requires, and without the shortcuts it does not offer. Carey Suen provides private markets wealth advisory services to HNW expat investors across Singapore, Hong Kong, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia.

For high-net-worth investors living outside their home country, the question of where to put capital has never been more complicated – or more consequential. Public markets are volatile. North Sea oil prices have hit record highs not seen since the eve of the 2008 financial crisis, with Forties Blend touching nearly $147 a barrel as Iran’s stranglehold on the Strait of Hormuz sends shockwaves through global energy markets. Meanwhile, the push to open private assets to ordinary investors has arrived at a moment of real danger, with questions mounting over how easily these products can be valued and how readily investors can access their capital when they need it. Against this backdrop, structured income programmes built specifically around private credit and litigation funding are drawing serious attention from sophisticated expat investors across Asia and the Middle East. Not because they promise the impossible – but because they offer something increasingly rare: defined income, capital discipline, and insulation from the noise of public markets. This guide explains what these programmes are, why they matter for HNW expats, and what to look for before committing capital. What Is a Structured Income Programme? A structured income programme is a private markets investment vehicle designed to generate consistent, predefined returns over a fixed term. Unlike equity investments, where returns depend on share price performance, or traditional fixed income, where yields are tied to central bank rates and sovereign credit risk, structured income programmes draw their returns from specific underlying strategies – most commonly private credit lending or litigation funding. The defining features are: Defined return targets. Investors enter knowing the projected income range from the outset. There is no reliance on market timing or index performance. Capital protection mechanisms. Well-structured programmes include provisions designed to protect the original investment, whether through first-loss buffers, security over assets, or conservative loan-to-value ratios. Fixed terms. Capital is committed for a set period, aligning expectations between investor and manager from day one. Non-correlated returns. Performance is driven by the underlying assets – loan repayments, legal case settlements – rather than the movement of equity or bond markets. For HNW expat investors managing wealth across borders, often without access to the tax wrappers available to domestic residents, these characteristics address a genuine structural gap in the portfolio. Why Private Credit and Litigation Funding Not all structured income is created equal. The two strategies most relevant to HNW expats – private credit and litigation funding – deserve separate examination. Private Credit Private credit refers to loans made directly to businesses outside the banking system. Following the 2008 financial crisis, tighter bank regulation drove significant volumes of corporate lending into the private market. What began as institutional territory has evolved substantially. For over a decade, structures that were once the exclusive preserve of pension funds and large institutions have been steadily extended to individual investors. The core appeal is straightforward: private credit lenders earn a spread above base rates, secured against business assets, without the mark-to-market volatility that comes with publicly traded bonds or equities. For expat investors, private credit accessed through a structured programme – rather than a broad evergreen fund – offers an additional layer of clarity. The loan book is defined, the term is set, and the income schedule is known in advance. Litigation Funding Litigation funding involves financing legal claims in exchange for a portion of the proceeds if the case succeeds. The funder covers the legal costs; if the claimant wins, the funder receives a pre-agreed return. If the case fails, the capital is lost – which is why due diligence on case selection and portfolio construction is critical. The UK government has recently moved to strengthen the sector’s legal footing. Ministers plan to remove restrictions on litigation funders introduced by a 2023 Supreme Court ruling known as Paccar, which had prevented funders from receiving a percentage cut of damages in the cases they finance. The government stated it would introduce new legislation to remove this barrier while establishing a framework to ensure funding agreements are fair and transparent. Litigation funders have said their appetite to back new cases dropped following the Paccar ruling, meaning the pipeline of funded claims contracted. The reversal of that ruling is expected to re-open opportunities in a sector that, at its best, produces returns with almost no correlation to financial markets. High-profile cases funded through litigation finance have included a groundbreaking High Court action against the Post Office that exposed serious systemic failures in the Horizon IT system, leading to the exoneration of hundreds of wrongly convicted sub-postmasters. The scale and profile of such cases illustrates both the social function and the financial potential of the sector. The HNW Expat Context Private markets investment in Asia and the Middle East is not new. Family offices in Hong Kong, Singapore, and the UAE have long allocated to private equity and credit. What has changed is the urgency. Geopolitical Disruption Is Reshaping Capital Allocation Oil exports through the Strait of Hormuz have fallen dramatically and are running at only around eight per cent of normal levels, according to Goldman Sachs. Asia is particularly exposed, with around 80 per cent of the region’s oil and petroleum products transiting that waterway. The energy disruption is a symptom of a broader instability affecting equities, currencies, and sovereign bonds across the region. For HNW investors whose wealth is concentrated in public market positions, this environment is a stress test. For those with exposure to non-correlated private market strategies, the picture is different. The Mainstream Private Markets Expansion Creates Risk as Well as Opportunity Individual investors expect to be able to access their capital promptly when they need it. But many private assets funds invest in holdings that are difficult to value and hard to sell quickly, meaning withdrawals are often permitted only during limited windows and subject to maximum amounts. In February, private credit group Blue Owl permanently restricted investors from removing money from one of its inaugural retail private assets funds. Blackstone’s $82bn flagship